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Posted by Michael Phipps on April 23, 2025
April marks Testicular Cancer Awareness Month in the UK, an awareness campaign dedicated to increasing knowledge about this one specific cancer – testicular.
Coronation Street © ITV Pictures
Most recently, this subject is being covered by one of the UK’s favourite soaps, Coronation Street, with Kevin Webster currently undergoing treatment for testicular cancer. His and his family’s anguish throughout this storyline is both heart-wrenching and emotional.
This article delves into the specifics of testicular cancer and the importance of men familiarising themselves with their bodies and looking for any irregularities, as early detection is key.
Testicular cancer is a type of cancer that develops in the testicles – the male reproductive glands responsible for producing sperm and hormones like testosterone. Although it is relatively rare compared to other types of cancer, it is the most common cancer in young men aged 15 to 45.
Understanding the signs, symptoms and methods for self-examination can be vital for early detection and successful treatment.
Testicular seminoma – tumour of the testis
Testicular cancer occurs when abnormal cells in one, or both testicles, begin to grow uncontrollably. The exact cause of testicular cancer is not fully understood, but certain risk factors can increase the likelihood of developing the disease, such as:
• undescended testicle (Cryptorchidism)
• a family history of testicular cancer
• age – while it can occur at any age, testicular cancer is most commonly diagnosed in young men
• race and ethnicity – testicular cancer is more prevalent in white men than in men of other races.
There are two main types of testicular cancer:
These tumours originate from the cells that produce sperm. They can be further classified into two categories:
• seminomas: these tumours tend to grow slowly and are more sensitive to radiation therapy
• non-seminomas: these tumours are generally more aggressive and include several subtypes, such as embryonal carcinoma, yolk sac tumour and teratoma.
These less common tumours develop from the supportive tissue of the testicles and can often be benign or malignant.
Early detection of testicular cancer is crucial for effective treatment. Awareness of the signs and symptoms can help men recognise potential issues. Common symptoms of testicular cancer include:
The most common symptom is a lump, or swelling in one of the testicles (testis). This lump may be painless, or painful, and can vary in size.
Men may notice that one testicle is larger, or has a different shape compared to the other.
Some individuals may experience a dull ache, or sharp pain in the testicle (testis), or scrotum. This discomfort can also radiate to the lower abdomen, or back.
Classification of gynecomastia
In some cases, men may experience Gynecomastia, which is the enlargement of breast tissue. This can occur due to hormonal changes caused by the cancer.
Some men may notice a build-up of fluid in the scrotum, leading to swelling.
Unexplained fatigue, weight loss, and a general feeling of being unwell may also accompany testicular cancer.
It is essential to note that these symptoms can be indicative of other medical conditions as well. If you experience any of these signs, it is crucial to consult your doctor (General Practitioner) for a proper diagnosis.
Performing regular self-examinations can help detect testicular cancer early. Here’s a step-by-step guide on how to conduct a self-examination:
The best time to perform a self-examination is after a warm shower, or bath. The heat relaxes the scrotum, making it easier to feel for any abnormalities.
Stand in front of a mirror and visually inspect your testicles. Look for any swelling, lumps, or changes in size, or shape.
Hold your testicle between your thumb and fingers. Gently roll it between your fingers to feel for any lumps, or abnormalities. It is essential to be gentle during this process.
Illustration showing the male reproductive system
Examine each testicle separately. Note that it is normal for one testicle to be slightly larger than the other. However, if you notice any significant changes, or lumps, it is essential to seek medical advice.
The epididymis is a coiled tube located at the back of each testicle. It is normal for this structure to feel like a soft, tubular structure. Be sure to differentiate between the epididymis and any potential lumps.
Perform self-examinations regularly, ideally, once a month. This practice can help you become familiar with the normal size and shape of your testicles, making it easier to detect any changes.
If you notice any lumps, swelling, or changes in your testicles during self-examination, it is crucial to seek medical attention promptly. Early diagnosis significantly improves the chances of successful treatment.
If your doctor has any concerns they may then recommend diagnostic testings, including:
Blood tests can measure specific tumour markers, such as alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), which can be elevated in testicular cancer.
In some cases, a biopsy may be performed, too.
If diagnosed with testicular cancer, treatment options may include:
The primary treatment for testicular cancer is the surgical removal of the affected testicle (orchiectomy). This procedure may be followed by additional treatments, depending on the stage of cancer.
This treatment uses high-energy rays to target and kill cancer cells. It is often used for seminomas after surgery.
Chemotherapy involves the use of drugs to kill cancer cells. It may be recommended for non-seminomas, or for cancer that has spread beyond the testicle.
In some cases, especially for early-stage seminomas, doctors may recommend active surveillance, monitoring closely without immediate treatment.
A diagnosis of testicular cancer can be overwhelming, but it is essential to remember that the prognosis for this type of cancer is generally favourable, especially when detected early.
Many men go on to live healthy, fulfilling lives after treatment. Support from family, friends and healthcare professionals in the NHS can be invaluable during this time.
The emotional impact of a cancer diagnosis can be significant. Many men experience feelings of anxiety, fear and uncertainty. It is essential to seek emotional support, whether through counselling, support groups, or talking to loved ones. Connecting with others who have faced similar challenges can also provide comfort and understanding.
After treatment, regular follow-up care is crucial to monitor for any signs of recurrence. The NHS will typically schedule regular check-ups, blood tests and imaging studies to ensure that the cancer has not returned.
Testicular cancer is a serious, but treatable condition that primarily affects young men. Understanding the signs and symptoms and the importance of self-examination can lead to early detection and improved outcomes. Regular self-examinations and prompt medical attention for abnormalities are essential to maintaining health and well-being.
If you or someone you know is experiencing symptoms, or has concerns about testicular cancer, do not hesitate to seek medical advice via your GP. Awareness, education, and proactive health measures can significantly impact the fight against testicular cancer. Remember, early detection saves lives.
